Tekijänoikeuden erikoiskirjasto

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*24500$aNew developments in EU and international copyright law /$cIrini A. Stamatoudi (ed.).
*260  $aAlphen aan Den Rijn :$bKluwer Law International,$c2016.
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*4901 $aInformation Law Series,$v35
*5050 $aTable of Contents Editor and Contributors v Preface xxv Part I Copyright: From an International Perspective 1 Chapter 1 Exceptions for Libraries and Archives Alison Firth & Beverley Pereira 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Role of Exceptions and Limitations 5 1.3 Interpretation of the Three-Step Test 7 1.4 Exceptions for Libraries and Archives 9 1.5 International Legal Landscape 10 1.5.1 Berne 10 1.5.2 TRIPS Agreement 10 1.5.3 WIPO Copyright Treaty 10 1.5.4 Marrakesh Treaty 12 1.5.5 Three Step Test as a Staple of International Copyright 13 1.6 Remaining Areas of Importance for Libraries and Archives 13 1.7 Libraries and Archives under EU Copyright Directives 16 1.7.1 The Information Society Directive 17 1.7.2 Exceptions and Limitations in the Infosoc Directive 17 1.7.3 Use of ‘Proportionality’ in Interpretation 20 1.7.4 Technological Protection 21 1.7.5 Public Lending 22 1.7.6 Databases 22 1.7.7 Orphan Works, Etc. 23 1.7.8 Further Reforms 24 1.8 Technology as Game-Changer: The Challenge of Digitization and the EU’s Response 25 1.8.1 Technological Change and Copyright’s History 25 1.8.2 Technology, Libraries and Archives 25 1.8.3 ‘Commodification’ and ‘Commoditisation’ 25 1.8.4 Digitization Initiatives in the EU 26 1.8.5 The EU’s ‘Digital Single Market’ 29 1.9 The EU and Parallel Imports/Exhaustion of Rights 30 1.10 National Legislative Landscape 31 1.10.1 WIPO Study 31 1.10.2 United Kingdom 33 1.10.3 United States 36 1.11 Proposals for an International Instrument 39 1.11.1 Preservation 41 1.11.2 Right of Reproduction and Safeguarding Copies 42 1.11.3 Legal Deposit 43 1.11.4 Library Lending 44 1.11.5 Parallel Imports 45 1.11.6 Cross-Border Uses 45 1.11.7 Orphan Works, Retracted and Withdrawn Works, Works Out of Commerce 45 1.11.8 Limitations on the Liability of Libraries and Archives 47 1.11.9 Technological Measures of Protection 47 1.11.10 Contracts 48 1.11.11 Translation 48 1.12 IFLA Treaty Proposals 50 1.13 Predicting the Outcome 52 1.13.1 Re-framing of Exceptions and Limitations as User Rights 53 1.13.2 The Critiquing of Copyright Policy from a Human Rights Perspective 54 1.13.3 Uptake of Fair Use Rules 54 1.13.4 Open Licensing 55 1.14 Conclusion 55 Chapter 2 Exceptions for Education and Research Ysolde Gendreau 57 2.1 Introduction 57 2.2 Foundations for Exceptions for Education and Research 58 2.2.1 Endogenous Foundations 58 2.2.2 Exogenous Foundations 61 2.3 Challenges for Exceptions for Education and Research 67 2.3.1 Diversity 67 Table of Contents xiv 2.3.2 Status 71 2.3.3 Dualism 72 Chapter 3 The Draft Broadcasters’ Treaty: Latecomers to International Protection – Or Perhaps None at All Sam Ricketson 77 3.1 Introduction 77 3.2 Early Days – Broadcasters and the Berne Convention 78 3.3 Adoption of the Rome Convention 80 3.3.1 Provisions of the Rome Convention Affecting Broadcasters 82 3.4 The Satellites Convention 85 3.5 The TRIPS Agreement 87 3.6 The WIPO Draft Broadcasters Treaty – a Work in Progress (1998 to the present) 87 3.6.1 What Should Be Protected? 93 3.6.2 Who Should Be Protected? 95 3.6.3 How Should Protection Be Given? 95 3.6.4 Further Protections 96 3.6.5 How Long Should Protection Last? 97 3.6.6 Exceptions and Limitations 97 3.6.7 Other Matters 98 3.7 Concluding Comments – Broadcasting in the Future International Intellectual Property Framework 98 Chapter 4 Traditional Knowledge and Cultural Expressions: Discussions and Developments in WIPO Michael Blakeney 101 4.1 Introduction 101 4.2 Organizational Influences in the Work of the IGC 103 4.3 Policy Objectives 104 4.4 Traditional Cultural Expressions Defined 105 4.5 Traditional Knowledge Defined 109 4.6 Beneficiaries 115 4.7 Scope of Protection 116 4.8 Public Domain 117 4.9 Limitations and Exceptions 118 4.10 Term of Protection 119 4.11 Formalities 119 4.12 Enforcement of Rights 119 4.13 Misappropriation 119 4.14 Choice of Law 119 4.15 Relationship with Intellectual Property Protection 120 Table of Contents xv 4.16 Administration 120 4.17 National Treatment 121 4.18 The Future 121 Chapter 5 The Marrakesh Treaty Silke von Lewinski 123 5.1 Developments towards the Marrakesh Treaty 123 5.2 General Remarks on the Marrakesh Treaty 127 5.3 The Contents of the Marrakesh Treaty 129 5.4 The Definitions of the Treaty 131 5.5 The Provisions on Exceptions and Limitations 134 5.6 Other Provisions 138 5.7 Final Remarks 140 Chapter 6 The Beijing Treaty on Audiovisual Performances Tana Pistorius 143 6.1 Overview 143 6.2 Introduction to Performers’ Rights 144 6.3 The Enabling Role of Technology 144 6.4 The Civil and Common Law Divide 146 6.5 Performers’ Rights versus Copyright 147 6.6 The International Protection of Performances Recorded on Phonograms 149 6.6.1 Introduction 149 6.6.2 The Rome Convention 149 6.6.3 The TRIPS Agreement 151 6.6.4 The WPPT 152 6.7 The International Protection of Audiovisual Performers 154 6.7.1 Introduction 154 6.7.2 Pre-adoption Negotiations 154 6.7.3 The Beijing Treaty 156 6.7.3.1 The Context of the BTAP 156 6.7.3.2 Introductory Provisions 157 6.7.3.3 Definitions 159 6.7.3.4 Moral Rights 160 6.7.3.5 Economic Rights 161 6.7.3.6 Transfer of Rights 163 6.7.3.7 Equitable Remuneration 165 6.7.3.8 Limitations and Exceptions 167 6.7.3.9 Technological Protection Measures 167 6.7.3.10 Term of Protection 170 6.7.3.11 Technical Provisions 170 Table of Contents xvi 6.8 A Synopsis of the National Protection of Performers’ Rights in the UK and the US 171 6.8.1 The Position Obtaining in the UK 171 6.8.2 The Position Obtaining in the US 172 6.9 Comments on National Implementation 176 6.10 Concluding Remarks 177 Part II Copyright: From A European Union Perspective 179 An Introduction – The EU Copyright Agenda Maria Martin-Prat 181 A.1 The Context of Copyright Policy Making Today 181 A.2 The EU Copyright Agenda – The Starting Point 183 A.3 The EU Copyright Agenda – Next Steps 186 Chapter 7 Orphan Works, Out-of-Commerce Works and Making the European Cultural Heritage Available: ‘Are We Nearly There Yet’? Marie-Christine Janssens & Rán Tryggvadóttir 189 7.1 Introduction 189 7.2 Orphan Works 191 7.2.1 The OWD in a Nutshell 192 7.2.1.1 Beneficiaries 192 7.2.1.2 Orphan Work Status 193 7.2.1.3 Diligent Search 194 7.2.1.4 Permitted Uses 195 7.2.1.5 The Rights of Rightholders 196 7.2.2 Implementation 197 7.2.3 Challenges 198 7.3 Out-of-Commerce Works 203 7.3.1 The MoU in a Nutshell 203 7.3.1.1 Use of the MoU 204 7.3.1.2 Challenges 207 7.4 Conclusion 208 Chapter 8 Collective Management and Multi-territorial Licensing: Key Issues of the Transposition of Directive 2014/26/EU Mihály Ficsor 211 8.1 Introduction 211 8.2 The Directive in the Light of the Principles of Subsidiarity and Proportionality: Tensions Alleviated in the Adopted Version 212 Table of Contents xvii 8.2.1 Voluminous and Detailed Nature of the Directive 212 8.2.2 National Legislators ‘Reasoned Opinions’ on Conflicts with the Principle of Subsidiarity 213 8.2.3 Flexibilities Included in the Adopted Version of the Directive 215 8.3 The Principle of Attribution of Powers, Culture, and Collective Management 219 8.3.1 The Double Nature of Cultural Productions and Services 219 8.3.2 Rights and Obligations of the EU and Its Member States under the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of Cultural Diversity 220 8.3.3 The TFEU on the Cultural Competence of Member States and the Protection of Cultural Diversity 221 8.3.4 Member States’ Cultural Sovereignty: A Defence for Euro-Sceptics or a Source of ‘More Europe’? 222 8.3.5 Mutually Supportive Application of the TFEU’S Provisions on Culture, the UNESCO Convention, and the Directive’s Flexibilities 225 8.4 Rejection of the Application of the Services Directive 228 8.4.1 Collective Management and the Services Directive under the Draft Directive 228 8.4.2 Rejection of the Application of the Services Directive by the European Parliament 229 8.4.3 Rejection of the Application of the Services Directive by the CJEU 230 8.4.4 Remnants of the Rejected Idea of the Application of the Services Directive 232 8.4.5 Transposition and Implementation of the CMO Directive in the Light of the Rejection of the Application of the Services Directive 233 8.5 The Concept of CMOs and Competition – Seen from the Viewpoint of Obligations to Give Effect to Treaty Provisions on Certain Rights 234 8.5.1 Dysfunctional Definition of ‘Collective Management Organization’ 234 8.5.2 Genuine Concept of Collective Management 235 8.5.3 Adequate Collective Management System as a Condition of Fulfilling Treaty Obligations 236 8.5.4 ‘Independent Management Entities’ 238 8.6 Title III of the Directive on Licensing of Multi-Territorial Online Use of Musical Works 239 8.6.1 The 2005 Recommendation as the Predecessor of the Directive 239 Table of Contents xviii 8.6.2 European Parliament Resolution Condemning the 2005 Recommendation 240 8.6.3 Recitals of the Directive on the Recommendation 243 8.6.4 ‘Band-Aid on a Wooden Leg’: Commentators Views on a ‘Missed Opportunity’ to Eliminate the Negative Features of the Recommendation 243 8.6.5 Improvements in the Directive 245 8.7 Conclusions 248 Chapter 9 Text and Data Mining Irini A. Stamatoudi 251 9.1 Introduction 251 9.2 Definition and National Stances on the Matter 254 9.2.1 Definition 254 9.2.2 National Stances on the Matter 255 9.3 Relevant Economic Rights 260 9.3.1 Information Society Directive 262 9.3.2 Database Directive 264 9.3.2.1 Copyright 264 9.3.2.2 Sui Generis Right 265 9.4 Exceptions and Limitations 267 9.4.1 Temporary Acts of Reproduction 268 9.4.2 Scientific Research 271 9.4.3 Normal Use of a Database 277 9.4.4 Extraction of ‘Insubstantial Parts’ from a Database Protected by the Sui Generis Right 278 9.5 Conclusions 280 Chapter 10 Limitations and Exceptions to Copyright in the Digital Age. Four Cornerstones for a Future-Proof Legal Framework in the EU Reto M.Hilty & Kaya Köklü 283 10.1 Introduction 283 10.2 The Existing Legal Framework versus Digital Reality 287 10.2.1 The Digital Age and the Technological Developments 287 10.2.2 Insufficiencies of the Existing Legal Framework 290 10.3 Harmonization of Limitations and Exceptions by Modification of the InfoSoc Directive? 290 10.4 Four Cornerstones of a Future-Proof Legal Framework in Copyright Law 292 10.4.1 Implementation of a Legal Fiction on Licence Agreements 292 Table of Contents xix 10.4.2 Limitation of Contractual Freedom, Prohibition of Technical Measures That Foster Geo-Blocking 293 10.4.3 Creation of a Unitary Right 294 10.4.4 Further Steps Concerning Limitations and Exceptions to Copyright on the European Level 296 10.5 Outlook 297 Chapter 11 Private Copy Levies Jörg Reinbothe 299 11.1 Introduction 299 11.2 History and Background of the Private Copy Levies 300 11.2.1 The Origins 300 11.2.2 The Rationale behind the Private Copy Levies 302 11.2.2.1 Non-enforceability of Exclusive Rights 302 11.2.2.2 The Public Interest in Unhindered Access 302 11.2.2.3 The Economic Participation of Rightholders in the Value Chain 302 11.2.3 The Legal Structure and Function of the Levies 303 11.2.4 The Present Application of Private Copy Levy Schemes 304 11.3 Private Copying in the Framework of International Law 305 11.3.1 The History 305 11.3.2 The Application of the Three-Step Test to Private Copying 306 11.3.3 National Treatment 307 11.4 Private Copying in the Framework of the European Union 308 11.4.1 Private Copy Levies as a Topic for EU Harmonization 308 11.4.2 Private Copying in the Present Acquis Communautaire 311 11.4.3 Private Copy Levies in the Light of Article 5(2)(b) of the InfoSoc Directive 313 11.4.3.1 The Preparation of the Private Copying Exception in the InfoSoc Directive 313 11.4.3.2 The Reasons for Adding the Condition of ‘Fair Compensation’ 314 11.4.3.3 ‘Fair Compensation’: Its Purpose and Function 315 11.4.3.4 The Calculation of ‘Fair Compensation’ 316 11.4.3.5 ‘Fair Compensation’ in Relation to Private Copy Levies Providing for ‘Equitable Remuneration’ 319 11.4.3.6 Modalities of Payment for Private Copy Levies 320 11.4.3.7 Result 321 11.5 Perspectives for the Future 323 Table of Contents xx 11.5.1 The Application of Private Copy Levies in the Digital Environment 323 11.5.2 Suggested Guiding Principles for the Policy on Private Copy Levies 324 11.5.3 Policy Options on Private Copying 325 11.5.4 Indications on the Way Forward from the EU Legislator 326 11.6 Summary 327 Chapter 12 How Much Communication to the Public Is ‘Communication to the Public’? Jan Rosén 331 12.1 Introduction 331 12.2 Communication to the Public and the New Public Criterion 333 12.2.1 Communication of Protected Material 334 12.2.2 Outline of the ‘New Public’ Criterion 336 12.2.3 Limits to the ‘New Public’ Limitation 337 12.3 Inconsistency of the ‘New Public’ Criterion with International Norms and EU Directives 341 12.4 Concluding Remarks 347 Chapter 13 Digital Exhaustion of Copyright in the EU or Shall We Cease Being so Schizophrenic? Valérie Laure Benabou 351 13.1 Introduction 351 13.2 Why Global ‘Digital Exhaustion’ Is Theoretically Impossible? 354 13.2.1 Economic Rationales: Tangible Goods Are Rival, Digital Files Are Not 355 13.2.2 Legal Analysis: Sale Is a Transfer of Ownership while Licence to Use Is Not 357 13.3 Why a Simili Digital Exhaustion Has Already Come True? 360 13.3.1 The UsedSoft Case and the Partial Exhaustion of Distribution Right for a Long-Lasting Digital Copy 361 13.3.2 The Svensson Case or the Implicit ‘Licence to Link’ 363 13.3.3 The Premier League Case or the Appropriate Remuneration of the Rightholder 366 13.4 Why There Should Be a Change in the EU Legislation? 369 13.4.1 Reshaping the Online Making Available Right 370 13.4.2 Reproduction Right and Digital Exhaustion 372 13.4.3 Room for Manoeuvre in Digital Exhaustion and Consumer Policy Considerations 376 Table of Contents xxi Chapter 14 Private International Law Issues on the Internet Paul L.C Torremans 379 14.1 Introduction 379 14.2 Jurisdiction 381 14.3 Choice of Law 392 14.4 Conclusion 395 Chapter 15 The Future of Copyright Enforcement Online: Intermediaries Caught between Formal and Informal Governance in the EU Benjamin Farrand 397 15.1 Introduction 397 15.2 Where Are We Now? The Current Legal Framework 398 15.2.1 The Role of Intermediaries in Regulating Online Infringement 399 15.2.2 The Responsibility of Intermediaries as Self-Regulated Regulators: CJEU Jurisprudence 401 15.3 The Future of Enforcement 404 15.3.1 Formal Enforcement Mechanisms: A Dearth of Legislation 404 15.3.2 Informal Governance in Online Enforcement: The Rise of Soft Mechanisms 409 15.3.3 New Commission, New Rules? The Digital Single Market Strategy 412 15.4 Conclusions 415 Chapter 16 Flexible Copyright: Can EU Author’s Right Accommodate Fair Use? P. Bernt Hugenholtz 417 16.1 Introduction 417 16.2 Copyright, Droit D’auteur and Open Norms 420 16.3 In Search of Flexibilities Inside the EU Acquis 426 16.4 Flexibilities in Freedom of Expression 430 16.5 Conclusions 432 Chapter 17 The Role of the Court of Justice of the European Union: Harmonizing, Creating and sometimes Disrupting Copyright Law in the European Union Christophe Geiger 435 17.1 Introduction 435 17.2 The Harmonizing Role of the Case Law of the Court of Justice of the European Union 436 Table of Contents xxii 17.3 The Creative Role of the Judicial Practice of the Court of Justice 440 17.4 The Disruptive Role of the Judicial Practice of the Court of Justice 443 Chapter 18 Towards an EU Copyright Code? A Conceptual Framework Marco Ricolfi 447 18.1 A Controversial Idea and Its Background 447 18.2 Copyright Is Different 450 18.3 The Trouble with Copyright between Single EU Market and Global Digital Environment 453 18.4 Overcoming (the Costs of) Territoriality in Copyright: Three Solutions 455 18.5 An EU Copyright Code: Plain Sailing or Troubled Waters? 457 18.6 EU Copyright Law Displacing Member States’ Copyrights: Four Question Marks 459 18.7 Copyright’s Mission Redefined and the EU Copyright Code 463 18.8 Final Remarks 467 Table of Cases 469 Index 475
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